| Kansas Science Education Standards |
|
Physics for Scientists and
Engineers |
Principles of Physics |
Conceptual Physics |
STANDARD
2B: PHYSICS
GRADES 8-12 |
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| Benchmark 1: The student will understand the relationships
between force and motion. |
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| 1. The student understands Newton’s Laws and the kinematic
variables of time, position, velocity, and acceleration can be used to
describe the position and motion of particles. |
Chapters 2 & 5 |
Chapters 2
& 5 |
Chapters 2
& 5 |
| a. The kinematic variables of position, velocity, and
acceleration can most concisely be described as vectors. |
Chapters 3
& 4 |
Chapters 3
& 4 |
Chapters 3
& 4 |
| b.
Velocity describes how position changes and acceleration describes how
velocity changes. |
2.3, 2.10 |
2.3, 2.10 |
2.3, 2.8 |
| c.
From the definitions of velocity and acceleration, one can derive equations
that relate the kinematic variables. |
2.20, 2.24, 2.32, Chapter 2 |
2.18, 2.28, Chapter 2 |
2.15, Chapter 2 |
| d.
Acceleration occurs when there is either a change in speed or a change in
direction. In the case of uniform circular motion, the acceleration points
towards the center of the circle. The
magnitude of this acceleration can be constant, and is related to the speed
of the object and the radius of the circle. |
4.4, 9.4 |
4.4, 9.4 |
4.2, 8.3 |
| e.
In the absence of a net force, an object’s velocity will not change. |
5.2 |
5.2 |
5.2 |
| f.
In the presence of a net force, an object will experience an acceleration
which is modeled mathematically by Newton’s second law. |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
| g. The force that one object exerts on a second object has the
same magnitude but opposite direction as the force that the second object
exerts on the first. |
5.10 |
5.10 |
5.10 |
| 2. The student understands physicists use conservation laws
to analyze the motion of objects. |
Chapters 7 & 8 |
Chapters 7
& 8 |
Chapters 6
& 7 |
| a. The momentum of an object is a product of its mass and
velocity. Momentum is conserved when there are no external forces on the
system. |
8.1, 8.7 |
8.1, 8.6 |
7.1, 7.5 |
| b. There are situations in which momentum is conserved but
mechanical energy is not. Forces internal to a system can cause a loss of
mechanical energy, but only external forces can change the system’s momentum. |
8.11, 8.20 |
8.10, 8.18 |
7.8, 7.13 |
| c. Angular momentum is conserved when there are no external
torques on the system. |
11.33 |
11.27 |
10.11 |
| Benchmark 2: The student will understand the conservation of
mass and energy, and the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. |
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| 1. The student understands matter has energy. Mass and energy can be interchanged. The total energy in the universe is
constant, but the type of energy may vary. |
Chapters 41 & 44 |
Chapters 40
& 43 |
Chapters 35
& 38 |
| a. The amount of energy in a given amount of mass at rest is
given by E = mc2. |
41.23 |
40.16 |
35.12 |
| b.
The amount of energy that would be required to completely dissociate a
nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons, divided by the number of
protons and neutrons, is known as the “binding energy per nucleon” of the
nucleus. |
44.9 - 44.11 |
43.9 - 43.11 |
38.9 - 38.11 |
| c. Two light nuclei that merge into a larger nucleus emit
energy. This is known as fusion. |
44.12, 44.14 |
43.12, 43.14 |
38.12, 38.14 |
| d. A massive nucleus that splits apart into two medium mass
nuclei emits energy. This is known as
fission. |
44.12 - 44.13 |
43.12 - 43.13 |
38.12 - 38.13 |
| 2. The student understands the first law of thermodynamics
states the total internal energy of a substance (the sum of all the kinetic
and potential energies of its constituent molecules) will change only if heat
is exchanged with the environment or work is done on or by the
substance. In any physical
interaction, the total energy in the universe is conserved. |
Chapter 21 |
Chapter 21 |
Chapter 20 |
| a.
There are different manifestations of energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its
motion. Gravitational potential energy
is the energy due to the separation of masses. Electric potential energy is the energy due
to the separation of charges. Kinetic
and potential energy combined are known as mechanical energy. |
7.0, 7.7, 7.8, 7.16,
7.17, 25.1 |
7.0, 7.5, 7.6, 7.13, 7.14, 25.1 |
6.0, 6.3, 6.4, 6.10, 6.11, 24.1 |
| b. Heat is an exchange of internal (kinetic and/or
potential) energy between systems due to a temperature difference. Examples
of heat transport include radiation from the sun, convection of
hydrosphere/atmosphere/mantle, and conduction between water/land/air. |
19.7, 19.25, 19.28, 19.29 |
19.5, 19.22, 19.25, 19.26 |
18.5, 18.17, 18.19, 18.20 |
| c. A force that has a component parallel to the direction
of motion of an object is said to do work on that object. The work done on an object may be positive
or negative. When positive work is
done on an object, it increases the object’s energy. Negative work decreases it. |
7.1, 7.20, 7.32 |
7.1, 7.17, 7.26 |
6.1, 6.14 |
| d. There is a relationship between energy and power. Power is the rate at which work is done, or
the rate at which the energy of some system changes. |
7.15 |
7.12 |
6.9 |
| 3. The student understands the Second Law of Thermodynamics
states the entropy of a system isolated from transfer of matter and/or energy
will not decrease. |
22.8 |
22.8 |
21.5 |
| a. Entropy is a state function that describes a
system. In some cases, it can be
thought of as a measure of disorder. |
22.5, 22.18 |
22.5, 22.9 |
21.4, 21.6 |
| b. A system will not spontaneously undergo a process that
decreases its entropy. Heat flows
spontaneously from hot objects to cooler ones. It does not flow spontaneously in the other
direction. Heat can be made to flow
from cooler objects to warmer ones if one does work. A heat engine can convert heat to work, but
some heat will always be lost in the process. |
22.2 |
22.2 |
21.2 |
| Benchmark 3: The student
will understand the nature of the fundamental interactions of matter and
energy. |
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| 1. The student understands there are
four fundamental forces in nature:
strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and
gravitational force. |
44.22, Chapters 13, 32, 34 & 44 |
43.22, Chapters 13, 32 & 43 |
38.19, Chapters 12, 29 & 38 |
| a. The strong nuclear force keeps particles together in atomic
nuclei. |
44.5 |
43.5 |
38.5 |
| b. The weak nuclear force plays a role in the radioactive
disintegration of certain nuclei. |
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| c.
The strong and weak nuclear forces act on quarks and leptons, subatomic
particles. |
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| d. The electromagnetic force is the force that charged
particles exert on one another. The
electric force between any two charged particles is given by Coulomb’s law,
which states that the force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the charges. The magnetic force occurs between any two
charged particles moving relative to each other. |
23.9,
Chapters 23, 30 - 32, 34, 35 |
23.9,
Chapters 23, 30 - 32, & 34 |
22.8,
Chapters 22, 28 - 30 |
| e. The gravitational force is the attractive force that
objects exert on one another due to their mass. The gravitational force between any two
masses is given by Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which states that
the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the
masses. Near the surface of the Earth,
the acceleration of an object due to gravity is independent of the mass of
the object and therefore constant. |
5.4, 13.1 - 13.2 |
5.4, 13.1 - 13.2 |
5.4, 12.1 - 12.2 |
| 2.
The student understands waves have energy and can transfer energy when they
interact with matter. |
16.19 |
16.0 |
15.0 |
| a.
Waves are traveling disturbances which transport energy without the bulk
motion of matter. In transverse waves,
the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel. In longitudinal waves, the disturbance is
parallel to the direction of travel. |
16.0 - 16.2 |
16.0 - 16.2 |
15.0 - 15.2 |
| b. There are many different types of waves. Examples are water waves, sound waves, and
electromagnetic waves. Visible light,
radio waves, and X-rays are all examples of electromagnetic waves. Periodic waves can also be described in terms of their
wavelength, frequency, period, and amplitude. |
16.1,
16.3 - 16.6,
17.1,
35.1 - 35.2 |
16.1,
16.3 - 16.6,
17.1,
34.1 - 34.2 |
15.1, 16.1,
15.3 - 15.6,
30.1 - 30.2 |
| c. All waves can be described in terms of their velocities. The velocity of most types of waves depends on the medium
in which they are traveling. There is
a relationship between the speed, wavelength, and frequency of a periodic
wave. The frequency of sound waves is
related to the pitch we perceive.
Different wavelengths of visible light correspond to different colors. |
16.7, 16.8, 17.2, 35.1, 35.20 |
16.7, 16.8, 17.2, 34.1, 34.16 |
15.7, 15.8, 16.2, 30.1, 30.7 |
| d. Most common types of waves obey the principle of linear
superposition. When two waves meet, they superimpose.
At points where the crests (or troughs) of two waves meet there is
constructive interference. At points
where the crest of one wave meets the trough of another, there is destructive
interference. Beats are heard when two
sound waves with slightly different frequencies interfere. Two waves
traveling in opposite directions can combine to produce a standing wave. |
Chapter 18 |
Chapter 18 |
Chapter 17 |
| e.
Diffraction is the bending of a wave around an obstacle or an edge. When this happens, different intensities of
the wave are observed downstream due to the wave interfering with itself. |
Chapter 40 |
Chapter 39 |
34.5 - 34.7 |
| f. When light reflects from a surface, the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. When light propagates from one transparent
medium to another, it bends (refracts) at the interface in a manner given by
Snell’s law. One can trace rays to
predict the properties of images produced by mirrors. One can trace rays to predict the
properties of images produced by lenses. |
36.5, 37.3, Chapters 36 & 38 |
35.5, 36.3, Chapters 35 & 37 |
31.5, 32.3, Chapters 31 & 33 |
| 3.
The student understands electromagnetic waves result when a charged particle
is accelerated or decelerated. |
35.8 |
34.5 |
30.5 |
| a. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves,
infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma
rays. The energy of electromagnetic
waves is carried in packets and has a magnitude that is inversely
proportional to the wavelength. |
35.1, 42.4 |
34.1, 41.4 |
30.1, 36.3 |
| b. Some particles, such as protons and electrons, have a
physical property known as charge.
There are two types of charge, known as positive and negative. |
23.1 |
23.1 |
22.1 |
| c. Charged particles experience a force given by Coulomb’s
law. Coulomb’s
law indicates that the electric force between two charges is attractive if
the charges have opposite sign, and repulsive if they have the same
sign. The force between charges is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. |
23.7, 23.9 |
23.7, 23.9 |
22.6, 22.8 |
| d. The magnitude of the magnetic force on a particle in a
magnetic field is proportional to the particle’s charge and speed, and to the
magnitude of the magnetic field. The
direction of the force is perpendicular to both the particle’s velocity and
the magnetic field. If the particle’s
velocity is parallel to the magnetic field, the force vanishes. |
30.6 |
30.7 |
28.7 |
| e. There is a potential energy associated with the electric
force. This is most commonly dealt
with in the related quantity electric potential. The
electric potential energy of a particle is its charge times the electric
potential at the particle’s location. |
25.1, 25.8 |
25.1, 25.7 |
24.1, 24.4 |
| f. Knowledge of electric force and potential allows for the
analysis of simple DC circuits. Batteries increase the
electric potential energy of electrons.
Although it is electrons that flow in a circuit, we analyze circuits
as if positive charges are flowing in the other direction. Current is the rate at which charges are
flowing in a circuit. The electric
potential in a conductor has the same value everywhere in that conductor. Positive charges flowing through a resistor
experience a drop in electric potential given by Ohm’s law. Charges flowing through a resistor lose
energy at a rate that depends on the current and on the resistance of the
resistor. The resistance of resistors
in series or in parallel can be computed, given the resistances of each
individual resistor. |
Chapters 27 & 29 |
Chapters 27 & 29 |
Chapters 25 & 27 |
STANDARD 4: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
GRADES 8-12 |
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| Benchmark 3: The
student will develop an understanding of dynamics of our solar system. |
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| 1. The student understands gravitational attraction of objects in the solar system
keeps solar system objects in orbit. |
13.12, 13.14 |
13.8, 13.10 |
12.7, 12.8 |
| a. Kepler’s laws describe planetary motion. |
13.18 - 13.26 |
13.14 - 13.19 |
12.13 - 12.16 |
| b. Newton’s laws of inertia and gravity explain orbital motion. |
13.1, 13.12 |
13.1, 13.8 |
12.1, 12.7 |
| 2a. The angle of incidence of solar energy striking earth’s
surface effect the amount of heat energy absorbed at Earth’s surface. |
35.11 - 35.12 |
34.8 - 34.9 |
30.6 |
STANDARD 2A: CHEMISTRY
GRADES 8-12 |
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| Benchmark 1: The student will understand the structure of the
atom. |
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| 2. The student understands isotopes are atoms with the same
atomic number (same number of protons) but different numbers of neutrons. The
nuclei of some atoms are radioactive isotopes that spontaneously decay,
releasing radioactive energy. |
44.3, 44.15 |
43.3, 43.15 |
38.3, 38.15 |
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