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Physics for Scientists and
Engineers |
Principles of Physics |
Conceptual Physics |
Science
Stages 4-5
(only physics-relevant standards shown) |
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| Students
will learn about |
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| 4.6.1
the law of conservation of energy to: |
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| a)
identify situations or phenomena in which different forms of energy are
evident |
Chapter 7 |
Chapter 7 |
Chapter 6 |
| b) use models to describe different forms of energy |
Chapter 7 |
Chapter 7 |
Chapter 6 |
| c) identify objects that possess energy because of their motion
(kinetic) or because of other properties (potential) |
Chapter 7 |
Chapter 7 |
Chapter 6 |
| d) qualitatively account for the total energy involved in energy
transfers and transformations |
Chapters 7 &
8 |
Chapters 7 &
8 |
Chapters 6 &
7 |
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| 4.6.2
Newtons Lawsforces to: |
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| a)
identify changes that take place when particular forces are acting |
Chapters 5 & 6 |
Chapters 5 & 6 |
Chapter 5 |
| b) use the term field to describe forces acting at a distance. |
13.10,
Chapters 24 & 30 |
Chapters 24 & 30 |
Chapters 23 & 28 |
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| 4.6.3
electrical energy to: |
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| a)
associate electricity with energy transfer in a simple circuit |
27.13 -
27.15,
Chapter 29 |
27.8 - 27.10,
Chapter 29 |
25.7 - 25.9,
Chapter 27 |
| b) construct and draw circuits to show transfer of energy |
Chapters 29 & 33 |
Chapters 29 & 33 |
Chapter 27 |
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| 4.6.4
sound energy to: |
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| a)
describe sound as a form of energy requiring a medium for propagation |
16.1,
Chapters 17 & 18 |
16.1,
Chapters 17 & 18 |
15.1,
Chapters 16 & 17 |
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| 4.6.5
light energy to: |
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| a)
describe light as a form of energy not requiring a medium for propagation |
Chapter 35 |
Chapter 34 |
Chapter 30 |
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| 4.6.6
heat energy to: |
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| a)
identify processes of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation |
19.25 - 19.30 |
19.22 - 19.27 |
18.17 - 18.20 |
| b) describe how the transfer of heat can be controlled |
Chapters 21 & 22 |
Chapters 21 & 22 |
Chapters 20 & 21 |
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| 4.6.7
frictional force to: |
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| a)
describe friction as a contact force which opposes motion |
5.18 - 5.20 |
5.18 - 5.20 |
5.16 - 5.18 |
| b) identify everyday situations where friction acts |
5.18 - 5.22,
5.24, 6.7 |
5.18 - 5.22,
5.24, 6.7 |
5.16 - 5.20,
5.22 |
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| 4.6.8
electrostatic force to: |
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| a)
describe ways in which objects acquire an electrostatic charge |
23.2, 23.8 |
23.2, 23.8 |
22.2, 22.7 |
| b) identify everyday situations where the effects of
electrostatic forces can be observed |
23.1 - 23.3,
23.5, 23.7,
23.15 |
23.1 - 23.3,
23.5, 23.7,
23.15 |
22.1 - 22.4,
22.6, 22.12 |
| c) describe the behaviour of charges when they are brought close
to each other |
Chapter 23 |
Chapter 23 |
Chapter 22 |
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| 4.6.9
magnetic force to: |
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| a)
describe the behaviour of magnetic poles when they are brought close to each
other |
30.1 |
30.1 |
28.1 |
| b) identify everyday situations in which magnets, electromagnets
and magnetic strips are used |
30.5, 30.6,
30.15 - 30.17,
30.27, 32.4,
32.16, 32.17,
34.0, 34.1,
34.3 |
30.5 - 30.7,
30.16 - 30.18,
30.26, 32.4,
32.13, 32.14 |
28.5 - 28.7,
28.15, 28.19,
29.4 |
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| 4.6.10
gravitational force to: |
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| a)
identify that all objects exert a force of gravity on all other objects in
the universe. |
13.1 |
13.1 |
12.1 |
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| 5.6.1
the wave model to: |
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| a)
identify waves as carriers of energy |
16.1, 16.19 |
16.1 |
15.1 |
| b) qualitatively describe features of waves including frequency,
wavelength and speed |
16.2 - 16.7,
Chapters 16, 17 & 18 |
16.2 - 16.7,
Chapters 16, 17 & 18 |
15.2 - 15.7,
Chapters 15, 16 & 17 |
| c) give examples of different types of radiation that make up
the electromagnetic spectrum and identify some of their uses |
35.1 |
34.1 |
30.1 |
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| 5.6.2
Newtons Lawsmotion to: |
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| a)
describe qualitatively the relationship between force, mass and acceleration |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
| b) explain qualitatively the relationship between distance,
speed and time |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
| c) relate qualitatively acceleration to a change in speed and/or
direction as a result of a net force |
2.10, 5.5 |
2.10, 5.5 |
2.8, 5.5 |
| d) analyse qualitatively common situations involving motion in
terms of Newtons Laws. |
Chapters 5 &
6 |
Chapters 5 &
6 |
Chapter 5 |
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| 5.6.3
electrical energy to: |
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| a)
design, construct and draw circuits containing a number of components |
Chapters 27,
28, 29, 32 & 33 |
Chapters 27,
28, 29, 32 & 33 |
Chapters 25,
26, 27 & 29 |
| b) describe voltage, resistance and current using analogies |
Chapters 25 & 27 |
Chapters 25 & 27 |
Chapters 24 & 25 |
| c) describe qualitatively the relationship between voltage,
resistance and current |
27.6 |
27.3 |
25.3 |
| d) compare advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel
circuits |
29.6, 29.10 |
29.6, 29.10 |
27.5, 27.9 |
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| 5.6.4
light energy to: |
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| a)
distinguish between the absorption, reflection, refraction and scattering of
light and identify everyday situations where each occurs |
35.20, 35.25,
Chapters 36, 37 & 38 |
34.16, 34.21,
Chapters 35, 36 & 37 |
30.7, 30.9,
Chapters 31, 32 & 33 |
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| 5.6.5
nuclear energy to: |
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| a)
identify that energy may be released from the nuclei of atoms |
44.9 - 44.13,
44.15 - 44.21 |
43.9 - 43.13,
43.15 - 43.21 |
38.9 - 38.13,
38.15 - 38.18 |
| b) explain radioactivity in terms of release of particles and
energy |
44.15 - 44.21 |
43.15 - 43.21 |
38.15 - 38.18 |
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| 5.6.6
gravitational force to: |
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| a)
relate qualitatively the force of gravity between two objects to their masses
and distance apart |
13.1 |
13.1 |
12.1 |
| b) distinguish between the terms mass and weight. |
5.3 - 5.4 |
5.3 - 5.4 |
5.3 - 5.4 |
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| 4.7.1
the particle theory of matter to: |
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| a)
identify that matter is made of particles that are continuously moving and
interacting |
20.1 |
20.1 |
19.1 |
| b) describe expansion and contraction of materials in terms of a
simple particle model |
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| c) relate an increase or decrease in the amount of energy
possessed by particles to changes in particle movement |
7.8, 20.10 |
7.6, 20.10 |
6.4, 19.9 |
| d) describe diffusion in terms of the random movement of
particles. |
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| 4.7.2
properties of solids, liquids and gases to: |
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| a)
relate properties of solids, liquids and gases to the particle theory of
matter |
Chapter 20 |
Chapter 20 |
Chapter 19 |
| b) identify when a physical change occurs by observing
evaporation, condensation, boiling, melting and freezing |
19.21 - 19.24 |
19.18 - 19.21 |
18.14 - 18.16 |
| c) explain density using a simple particle model |
14.2 |
14.2 |
13.2 |
| d) relate increases or decreases in frequency of particle
collisions to changes in pressure |
8.19, 20.2 |
20.2 |
19.2 |
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| 4.7.3
change of state to: |
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| a)
relate changes of state to the motion of particles as energy is removed or
added |
19.21 |
19.18 |
18.14 |
| b) relate energy transfer and the particle model to melting and
freezing point, condensation, evaporation and boiling |
19.21 - 19.24 |
19.18 - 19.21 |
18.14 - 18.16 |
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| 5.7.1
atomic theory to: |
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| a)
describe features of and the location of protons, neutrons and electrons in
the atom |
23.1, 42.9,
44.1 - 44.4 |
23.1, 41.9,
43.1 - 43.4 |
22.1, 36.8,
38.1 - 38.4 |
| b) distinguish between elements, using information about the
numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons |
44.3 - 44.4 |
43.3 - 43.4 |
38.3 - 38.4 |
| c) identify properties of different substances that can be
explained in terms of their subatomic structure |
34.1 - 34.7,
42.2,
42.6 - 42.7,
42.12,
42.14 - 42.17,
44.13 - 44.21 |
30.6, 41.2,
41.6 - 41.7,
41.11,
41.13 - 41.16,
43.13 - 43.21 |
28.6, 36.2,
36.5 - 36.6,
36.9,
36.11 - 36.14,
38.13 - 38.18 |
| d) describe an appropiate model that has been developed to
describe atomic structure. |
42.9 - 42.13,
44.2 - 44.3,
44.5 - 44.6 |
41.9 - 41.12,
43.2 - 43.3,
43.5 - 43.6 |
36.8 - 36.10,
38.2 - 38.3,
38.5 - 38.6 |
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| 4.9.1
the Newtonian model of the solar system to: |
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| a)
describe qualitatively relative sizes, distances and movements of components
of our solar system |
Chapter 13 |
Chapter 13 |
Chapter 12 |
| b) describe relative movements of the planets, moons and sun |
Chapter 13 |
Chapter 13 |
Chapter 12 |
| c) explain night and day in terms of Earths rotation |
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| d) explain the seasons in terms of the tilt of Earths axis and
its revolution around the Sun. |
35.11 - 35.12 |
34.8 - 34.9 |
30.6 |
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| Physics
Stage 6 Preliminary Course |
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| The
World Communicates |
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| 1.
The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer
information |
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describe the energy transformations required in one of the
following:
mobile telephone
fax/modem
radio and television |
Chapter 35 |
Chapter 34 |
Chapter 30 |
| describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may
occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave
and the medium |
Chapters 16, 17 & 35 |
Chapters 16, 17 & 34 |
Chapters 15, 16 & 30 |
| identify that mechanical waves require a medium for
propagation while electromagnetic waves do not |
16.1, 35.2 |
16.1, 34.2 |
15.1, 30.2 |
| define and apply the following terms to the wave model:
medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest,
trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity |
Chapters 16 & 17 |
Chapters 16 & 17 |
Chapters 15 & 16 |
| describe the relationship between particle motion and the
direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves |
16.2 |
16.2 |
15.2 |
| quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and
wavelength for a wave: v = fλ |
16.7 |
16.7 |
15.7 |
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| 2.
Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound |
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identify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a
medium |
17.1 |
17.1 |
16.1 |
| relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the
crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them |
17.1 |
17.1 |
16.1 |
| explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and
volume to amplitude of sound waves |
17.2 - 17.3,
17.11 |
17.2 - 17.3,
17.9 |
16.2 - 16.3,
16.5 |
| explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave |
17.5 |
17.5 |
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| describe the principle of superposition and compare the
resulting waves to the original waves in sound |
Chapter 18 |
Chapter 18 |
Chapter 17 |
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| 3.
Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the
electromagnetic spectrum |
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describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their
lack of requirement of a medium for propagation |
35.1 -
35.7,
41.3 |
34.1 -
34.4,
40.3 |
30.1 -
30.4,
35.3 |
| identify the electromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the
atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays |
35.1 |
34.1 |
30.1 |
| identify methods for the detection of various wavebands in the
electromagnetic spectrum |
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| explain that the relationship between the intensity of
electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the
inverse square law: I is proportional to 1/d2 |
35.13 |
34.10 |
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| outline how the modulation of amplitude or frequency of
visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit
information |
35.8 |
34.5 |
30.5 |
| discuss problems produced by the limited range of the
electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes |
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| 4.
Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction
of electromagnetic waves |
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describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection
from a plane surface on waves |
36.5 -
36.7,
39.11 |
35.5 -
35.7,
38.7 |
31.5 - 31.6 |
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describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and
microwaves have assisted in information transfer |
36.1, 36.12,
37.12 - 37.13 |
35.1, 35.11,
36.11 - 36.12 |
31.1, 31.10,
32.8 |
describe one application of reflection for each of the
following:
- plane surfaces
- concave surfaces
- convex surfaces
- radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere |
36.1,
36.3 - 36.4,
36.8, 36.12 |
35.1,
35.3 - 35.4,
35.8, 35.11 |
31.1,
31.3 - 31.4,
31.7, 31.10 |
| explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave
in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a
wavefront |
37.1, 37.8 |
36.1, 36.8 |
32.1, 32.6 |
| define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of
a wave in passing from one medium to another |
37.2 |
36.2 |
32.2 |
| define Snells Law: v1/v2 = sin i / sin r |
37.3 |
36.3 |
32.3 |
| identify the conditions necessary for total internal
reflection with reference to the critical angle |
37.12 |
36.11 |
32.8 |
| outline how total internal reflection is used in optical
fibres |
37.12 - 37.13 |
36.12 - 36.13 |
32.8 |
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| 5.
Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies
and data storage technologies |
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identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in
digital form |
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| Electrical
Energy in the Home |
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| 1.
Society has become increasingly dependent on electricity over the last 200
years |
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discuss how the main sources of domestic energy have changed over time |
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| assess some of the impacts of changes in, and increased access
to, sources of energy for a community |
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| discuss some of the ways in which electricity can be provided
in remote locations |
27.14 |
27.9 |
25.8 |
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| 2.
One of the main advantages of electricity is that is can be moved with
comparative ease from one place to another through electric circuits |
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describe the behaviour of electrostatic charges and the properties of the
fields associated with them |
Chapters 23,
24, & 25 |
Chapters 23,
24, & 25 |
Chapters 22,
23 & 24 |
| define the unit of electric charge as the coulomb |
23.1 |
23.1 |
22.1 |
| define the electric field as a field of force with a field
strength equal to the force per unit charge at that point: E = F/q |
24.1 |
24.1 |
23.1 |
| define electric current as the rate at which charge flows
(coulombs/ second or amperes) under the influence of an electric field |
27.1 |
27.1 |
25.1 |
| identify that current can be either direct with the net flow
of charge carriers moving in one direction or alternating with the charge
carriers moving backwards and forwards periodically |
Chapters 29 & 33 |
Chapters 29 & 33 |
Chapter 27 |
| describe electric potential difference (voltage) between two
points as the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one
point to the other (joules/coulomb or volts) |
25.14 |
25.9 |
24.6 |
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discuss how potential difference changes at different points around a DC
circuit |
29.3, 29.17 |
29.3, 29.17 |
27.3 |
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identify the difference between conductors and insulators |
23.5 |
23.5 |
22.4 |
| define resistance as the ratio of voltage to current for a
particular conductor: R = V/I |
27.6 |
27.3 |
25.3 |
describe qualitatively how each of the following affects
the movement of electricity through a conductor:
- length
- cross sectional area
-temperature
-material |
27.8, 27.11 |
27.5, 27.7 |
25.5 - 25.6 |
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| 3.
Series and parallel circuits serve different purposes in households |
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identify the difference between series and parallel circuits |
29.6, 29.10 |
29.6, 29.10 |
27.5, 27.9 |
| compare parallel and series circuits in terms of voltage
across components and current through them |
29.6, 29.10 |
29.6, 29.10 |
27.5, 27.9 |
| identify
uses of ammeters and voltmeters |
29.5 |
29.5 |
27.4 |
| explain why ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently
in a circuit |
29.5 |
29.5 |
27.4 |
| explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating
and other appliances in a house |
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| 4.
The amount of power is related to the rate at which energy is transformed |
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explain that power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form
to another |
7.15, 27.13 |
7.12, 27.8 |
6.9, 25.7 |
| identify the relationship between power, potential difference
and current |
27.13 |
27.8 |
25.7 |
| identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the
length of time the current is flowing and can be calculated using: Energy =
VIt |
27.13 - 27.15 |
27.8 - 27.10 |
25.7 - 25.9 |
| explain why the kilowatt-hour is used to measure electrical
energy consumption rather than the joule |
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| 5.
Electric currents also produce magnetic fields and these fields are used in
different devices in the home |
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describe the behaviour of the magnetic poles of bar magnets when they are
brought close together |
30.1 |
30.1 |
28.1 |
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define the direction of the magnetic field at a point as the direction of
force on a very small north magnetic pole when placed at that point |
30.2 |
30.2 |
28.2 |
| describe the magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles |
30.2 |
30.2 |
28.2 |
| describe the production of a magnetic field by an electric
current in a straight current-carrying conductor and describe how the right
hand grip rule can determine the direction of current and field lines |
31.1 |
31.1 |
28.20 |
| compare the nature and generation of magnetic fields by
solenoids and a bar magnet |
30.2, 31.17,
34.1 |
30.2, 30.6, 31.9 |
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| 6.
Safety devices are important in household circuits |
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discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240 volt AC mains supply
and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the body |
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| describe the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing,
double insulation and other safety devices in the home |
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| Moving
About |
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| 1.
Vehicles do not typically travel at a constant speed |
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identify that a typical journey involves speed changes |
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| distinguish between the instantaneous and average speed of
vehicles and other bodies |
2.3 - 2.5 |
2.3 - 2.5 |
2.3 - 2.5 |
| distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations |
3.1 - 3.2 |
3.1 - 3.2 |
3.1 - 3.2 |
| compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and
average velocity |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
| define average velocity as: vav = Δr/Δt |
2.4, 4.2 |
2.4, 4.2 |
2.4, 4.1 |
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| 2.
An analysis of the external forces on vehicles helps to understand the
effects of acceleration and deceleration |
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describe the motion of one body relative to another |
4.22 - 4.25 |
4.21 - 4.23 |
4.14 - 4.15 |
| identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist
solving problems |
5.14, Chapter 5 |
5.14, Chapter 5 |
5.14, Chapter 5 |
| explain the need for a net external force to act in order to
change the velocity of an object |
5.2 |
5.2 |
5.2 |
| describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to
change direction, speed up and slow down |
5.2, 5.5 |
5.2, 5.5 |
5.2, 5.5 |
describe the typical effects of external forces on bodies
including:
- friction between surfaces
- air resistance |
Chapter 5 |
Chapter 5 |
Chapter 5 |
| define average acceleration as: aav = Δv/Δt
therefore aav = (v - u)/t |
2.10 - 2.11 |
2.10 - 2.11 |
2.8 - 2.9 |
| define the terms mass and weight with reference to the
effects of gravity |
5.3 - 5.4 |
5.3 - 5.4 |
5.3 - 5.4 |
outline the forces involved in causing a change in the
velocity of a vehicle when:
coasting with no pressure on the accelerator
pressing on the accelerator
pressing on the brakes
passing over an icy patch on the road
climbing and descending hills
following a curve in the road |
Chapters 5 &
9 |
Chapters 5 &
9 |
Chapters 5 &
8 |
| interpret Newtons Second Law of Motion and relate it to the
equation: ΣF = ma |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
| identify the net force in a wide variety of situations
involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application
of that net force in terms of Newtons Second Law of Motion |
Chapters 5 &
9 |
Chapters 5 &
9 |
Chapters 5 &
8 |
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| 3.
Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an
important aspect in understanding motion |
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identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on
that object can increase that energy |
7.8 - 7.9 |
7.6 - 7.7 |
6.4 - 6.5 |
| describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions |
8.11, 8.20 |
8.10, 8.18 |
7.8, 7.13 |
| define the law of conservation of energy |
7.22 |
7.19 |
6.16 |
