Table of Contents

00 Introduction 00 Welcome to an electronic physics textbook! 01 Whiteboards 02 Interactive problems 03 Sample problems and derivations 04 Interactive checkpoints 05 Quizboards 06 Highlighting and notes 07 Online Homework 08 Finding what you need in this book 01 Measurement and Mathematics 00 Introduction 01 The metric system and the Système International d’Unités 02 Prefixes 03 Scientific notation 04 Standards and constants 05 Length 06 Time 07 Mass 08 Converting units 09 Interactive problem: converting units 10 Dimensional analysis 11 Multiplying numbers in scientific notation 12 Dividing numbers in scientific notation 13 Adding and subtracting numbers in scientific notation 14 Sample problem: conversions 15 Interactive checkpoint: conversions 16 Interactive checkpoint: cheeseburgers or gasoline? 17 Pythagorean theorem 18 Trigonometric functions 19 Radians 20 Sample problem: trigonometry 21 Interactive checkpoint: trigonometry 22 Interactive summary problem: dock the shuttle 23 Gotchas 24 Summary 02 Motion in One Dimension 00 Introduction 01 Position 02 Displacement 03 Velocity 04 Average velocity 05 Instantaneous velocity 06 Position-time graph and velocity 07 Interactive problem: draw a position-time graph 08 Interactive problem: match a graph using velocity 09 Velocity graph and displacement 10 Acceleration 11 Average acceleration 12 Instantaneous acceleration 13 Calculus and motion 14 Sample problem: calculus and motion 15 Interactive problem: tortoise and hare scandal 16 Sample problem: velocity and acceleration 17 Interactive checkpoint: subway train 18 Interactive problem: what’s wrong with the rabbits? 19 Derivation: creating new equations 20 Motion equations for constant acceleration 21 Sample problem: a sprinter 22 Sample problem: initial and final velocity 23 Interactive checkpoint: passenger jet 24 Derivation: a motion equation via calculus 25 Interactive problem: tortoise and hare meet again 26 Free-fall acceleration 27 Sample problem: free fall 28 Interactive problem: soccer on the Moon 29 Interactive checkpoint: penny drop 30 Spreadsheet: modeling air resistance 31 Derivation: modeling air resistance, using calculus 32 Interactive derivation: slamming on the brakes 33 Interactive problem: shuffleboard 34 Gotchas 35 Summary 04 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 00 Introduction 01 Displacement in two dimensions 02 Velocity in two dimensions 03 Sample problem: velocity in two dimensions 04 Acceleration in two dimensions 05 Sample problem: acceleration in two dimensions 06 Interactive checkpoint: acceleration in two dimensions 07 Multidimensional motion: calculus 08 Projectile motion 09 Sample problem: a horizontal cannon 10 Interactive problem: the monkey and the professor 11 Interactive checkpoint: golfing 12 Projectile motion: juggling 13 Sample problem: calculating initial velocity in projectile motion 14 Interactive problem: the monkey and the professor, part II 15 Projectile motion: aiming a cannon 16 Sample problem: a cannon’s range 17 Interactive checkpoint: clown cannon 18 Interactive checkpoint: soccer kick 19 Interactive problem: the human cannonball 20 Interactive problem: test your juggling! 21 The range and elevation equations 22 Reference frames 23 Relative velocity 24 Sample problem: relative velocity 25 Galilean transformation equations 26 Gotchas 27 Summary 07 Work, Energy and Power 00 Introduction 01 Work 02 Dot product 03 Work done by a variable force 04 Work done by a variable force: calculus 05 Derivation: work, multi-dimensional forces and calculus 06 Interactive checkpoint: work 07 Energy 08 Kinetic energy 09 Work-kinetic energy theorem 10 Derivation: work-kinetic energy theorem 11 Derivation: using calculus to relate kinetic energy and work 12 Sample problem: work-kinetic energy theorem 13 Interactive problem: work-kinetic energy theorem 14 Interactive checkpoint: a spaceship 15 Power 16 Potential energy 17 Work and gravitational potential energy 18 Sample problem: potential energy and Niagara Falls 19 Interactive checkpoint: an elevator 20 Work and energy 21 Conservative and non-conservative forces 22 Conservation of energy 23 Sample problem: conservation of energy 24 Interactive checkpoint: conservation of energy 25 Interactive problem: conservation of energy 26 Potential energy curves 27 Derivation: force and potential energy curves 28 Potential energy and equilibrium 29 Friction and conservation of energy 30 Interactive problem: a non-conservative force 31 Interactive problem: a non-conservative force, part II 32 Review of forces, work and energy 33 Interactive summary problem: work, energy and power 34 Gotchas 35 Summary 10 Rotational Kinematics 00 Introduction 01 Angular position 02 Angular displacement 03 Angular velocity 04 Angular acceleration 05 Sample problem: a clock 06 Interactive checkpoint: a potter’s wheel 07 Rotational motion and calculus 08 Deriving an equation for rotational motion 09 Equations for rotational motion with constant acceleration 10 Sample problem: a carousel 11 Interactive checkpoint: roulette 12 Sample problem: calculus and angular acceleration 13 Interactive problem: launch the rocket 14 Tangential velocity 15 Tangential acceleration 16 Interactive checkpoint: a marching band 17 Tangential and centripetal acceleration 18 Vectors and angular motion 19 Interactive summary problem: 11.6 seconds to liftoff 20 Gotchas 21 Summary 13 Gravity and Orbits 00 Introduction 01 Newton’s law of gravitation 02 G and g 03 Shell theorem 04 Shell theorem: inside the sphere 05 Sample problem: gravitational force inside the Earth 06 Derivation: shell theorem 07 Earth’s composition and g 08 Gravitational forces and multiple bodies 09 Sample problem: gravitational force of multiple bodies 10 Gravitational fields 11 Interactive checkpoint: gravitation 12 Newton’s cannon 13 Interactive problem: Newton’s cannon 14 Circular orbits 15 Sample problem: speed of an orbiting satellite 16 Interactive problem: intercept the orbiting satellite 17 Interactive problem: dock with an orbiting space station 18 Kepler’s first law 19 More on ellipses and orbits 20 Interactive checkpoint: elliptical orbit 21 Kepler’s second law 22 Angular momentum and orbits 23 Sample problem: a satellite in elliptical orbit 24 Kepler’s third law 25 Sample problem: the period of the Moon 26 Derivation: Kepler’s third law 27 Interactive problem: geosynchronous satellite 28 Orbits and energy 29 Sample problem: energy and orbital radius 30 Interactive checkpoint: Kepler’s third law and energy 31 Sample problem: energy of a rocket to the Moon 32 Interactive problem: a rocket mission to Mars 33 Escape speed 34 Gotchas 35 Summary 15 Oscillations and Harmonic Motion 00 Introduction 01 Simple harmonic motion 02 Simple harmonic motion: graph and equation 03 Spreadsheet: modeling simple harmonic motion 04 Period and frequency 05 Angular frequency 06 Amplitude 07 Interactive problem: match the curve 08 Phase and phase constant 09 Sample problem: graph equation 10 Velocity 11 Interactive checkpoint: particle speed 12 Acceleration 13 SHM equations and calculus 14 Sample problem: calculating period from acceleration 15 Summary of simple harmonic motion 16 Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion 17 Period, spring constant, and mass 18 Interactive problem: match the curve again 19 Sample problem: isolation platform 20 Work and the potential energy of a spring 21 Total energy 22 Derivation: SHM total energy 23 Interactive checkpoint: spring energy and period 24 Sample problem: falling block on a spring 25 A torsional pendulum 26 A simple pendulum 27 Derivation: small angle approximation 28 Derivation: the period of a simple pendulum 29 Interactive problem: a pendulum 30 Period of a physical pendulum 31 Sample problem: meter-stick pendulum 32 Damped oscillations 33 Mathematics of damped oscillations 34 Interactive checkpoint: damping 35 Forced oscillations and resonance 36 Amplitude of forced oscillations 37 Gotchas 38 Summary 21 First Law of Thermodynamics 00 Introduction 01 First law of thermodynamics 02 James Joule and the first law 03 Heat engines 04 The ideal gas law and heat engines 05 Engine processes 06 Pressure-volume graphs and heat engines 07 Work and pressure-volume graphs 08 Derivation: pressure, volume, and work with calculus 09 Pressure-volume graphs, engine cycles and work 10 Classifying thermal processes 11 Constant-volume processes 12 Molar specific heat: constant volume 13 Sample problem: melting ice 14 Interactive checkpoint: a constant-volume process 15 Degrees of freedom 16 Isobaric processes 17 Molar specific heat: constant pressure 18 Derivation: molar specific heat equation 19 Interactive checkpoint: a process with hydrogen 20 Adiabatic processes 21 Adiabatic processes, ideal gas 22 Derivation: adiabatic equation for pressure and volume 23 Isothermal processes 24 Derivation: work done by gas during an isothermal process 25 Interactive checkpoint: a process with argon 26 Stirling engine 27 Sample problem: Stirling engine and work 28 Interactive summary problem: an engine cycle 29 Gotchas 30 Summary 23 Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law 00 Introduction 01 Electric charge 02 Creating charged objects 03 Conservation of charge 04 Sample problem: charge conservation in nuclear decay 05 Conductors, insulators, and grounds 06 Interactive problem: charged rods 07 Electrostatic force 08 Inducing an electric charge 09 Coulomb’s law: calculating electrostatic forces 10 Sample problem: electric vs. gravitational force 11 Interactive checkpoint: electric vs. gravitational force 12 Superposition of electrostatic forces 13 Sample problem: net force on a charge 14 Interactive checkpoint: charges on a line 15 Physics at work: laser printers 16 Interactive summary problem: proton golf 17 Interactive group problem: minesweeper 18 Gotchas 19 Summary 24 Electric Fields 00 Introduction 01 Electric fields 02 Electric fields and Coulomb’s law 03 Interactive checkpoint: electric field 04 Electric field diagrams 05 Interactive problem: fields and forces 06 Electric fields caused by multiple charges 07 Sample problem: calculate the net field of two charges 08 Sample problem: calculate the net field of three charges 09 Drawing field diagrams for multiple charges 10 Describing the force exerted by an external electric field 11 Interactive checkpoint: work on a charge 12 Interactive problem: the alpha cannon 13 Physics at work: spacecraft powered by electric fields 14 Sample problem: field strength of an ion drive 15 Interactive problem: tune the rocket’s drive field 16 Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium 17 Electric dipoles 18 Electric field of a dipole 19 Gotchas 20 Summary 26 Electric Flux and Gauss' Law 00 Introduction 01 Flux 02 Interactive checkpoint: electric flux 03 Interactive problem: determining flux 04 Gaussian surfaces 05 Gauss’ law 06 Gauss’ law and calculus 07 Applying Gauss’ law 08 Derivation: Coulomb’s law from Gauss’ law 09 Interactive checkpoint: Gauss’ law 10 Interactive problem: Gaussian spheres 11 Derivation: Gauss’ law 12 Sample problem: Gauss’ law and a charged rod 13 Sample problem: Gauss’ law and a charged plane 14 Sample problem: Gauss’ law and a charged sphere 15 Electric field of two infinite planes: a capacitor 16 Interactive group problem: shell game 17 Gotchas 18 Summary 33 Alternating Current Circuits 00 Introduction 01 Inductor-capacitor (LC) circuits 02 LC oscillations quantified 03 Sample problem: LC angular frequency 04 Energy in an LC circuit 05 Derivation: the LC equations 06 Interactive checkpoint: LC circuit 07 RLC circuit: damped oscillations 08 Sample problem: RLC capacitor discharge 09 Interactive checkpoint: RLC oscillations 10 Derivation: damping in an RLC circuit 11 An AC generator, its emf, and AC current 12 Interactive problem: alternating current 13 Phasors 14 Phasors and phase differences 15 Alternating current and a resistor 16 Sample problem: interpreting a sinusoidal function 17 AC capacitor circuit: phase differences 18 Capacitive reactance 19 Derivation: capacitor circuit equations 20 Interactive checkpoint: AC capacitor circuit 21 AC inductor circuit: phase differences 22 Inductive reactance 23 Derivation: inductor circuit equations 24 Interactive problem: angular frequency and reactance 25 Interactive problem: phase differences of components 26 A generator and an RLC circuit: impedance 27 Sample problem: RLC maximum current 28 Sample problem: RLC phase difference and angular frequency 29 Derivation: RLC impedance and phase constant 30 Resonance frequency in a series AC RLC circuit 31 Rms power in AC resistor circuits 32 Derivation: mean square and rms averages of the sine 33 Power in AC RLC circuits 34 Derivation: power equations in AC circuits 35 Interactive problem: RLC radio tuner 36 Gotchas 37 Summary 38 Lenses 00 Introduction 01 Lenses 02 Converging lens: ray-tracing diagram 03 Diverging lens: ray-tracing diagram 04 Interactive problem: image with a diverging lens 05 Sample problem: object outside the focal point of a converging lens 06 Sample problem: object inside the focal point of a converging lens 07 Lens equations 08 Sample problem: single lens 09 Interactive problem: focus a camera 10 Interactive problem: optical bench with a lens 11 Derivation: the lens equations 12 Interactive checkpoint: lens equations 13 Multiple lenses: compound microscope 14 The human eye 15 Nearsightedness 16 Farsightedness 17 Hindsight 18 Physics at work: laser eye surgery 19 Refractive power: diopters 20 Angular size 21 Angular magnifying power: simple magnifier 22 Derivation: simple magnifier equation 23 Interactive checkpoint: simple magnifier 24 Telescopes 25 The magnifying power of a refracting telescope 26 The magnifying power of a compound microscope 27 Lens aberrations 28 Gotchas 29 Summary 41 Special Relativity 00 Introduction 01 Reference frames 02 Events and observers 03 Light can travel through a vacuum 04 Speed of light: absolute 05 Simultaneity, or the lack thereof 06 Spacetime diagrams 07 Interactive problem: Conduct Einstein's simultaneity experiment 08 Time dilation 09 Interactive checkpoint: time dilation 10 Exploring and deriving time dilation 11 Interactive problem: Experiment with the light clock 12 Length contraction 13 Exploring and deriving length contraction 14 Lorentz transformation equations 15 Sample problem: apply the Lorentz transformations 16 Relative velocity at relativistic speeds 17 Lorentz transformation equations and relative velocities 18 Interactive checkpoint: Lorentz transformations and baseball 19 Doppler shift for light 20 Derivation: Doppler shift equation 21 Transverse Doppler effect 22 Relativistic linear momentum 23 Mass and energy 24 “E equals mc squared”: a thought experiment 25 Total energy: relativistic vs. Newtonian kinetic energy 26 Interactive checkpoint: accelerated electron 27 Gotchas 28 Summary 42 Quantum Part One 00 Introduction 01 Quantum 02 Balmer series 03 Planck and blackbody radiation 04 Photons 05 Sample problem: solar radiance 06 Photoelectric effect 07 Sample problem: photoelectric effect 08 Interactive problem: lasers 09 Bohr atom 10 Derivation: Bohr radius 11 Derivation: quantized orbits and energy levels 12 Energy levels, photons and spectral lines 13 Interactive checkpoint: photons and electron energy levels 14 Conduction in solids 15 Mobile electrons and holes 16 Doping 17 p-n junction 18 Physics at work: junction rectifiers 19 Physics at work: MOSFET transistors 20 Physics at work: photovoltaic cells 21 Lasers 22 Laser pumping and stimulated emission 23 Population inversion 24 Physics at work: operating a laser 25 Sample problem: ruby laser 26 Boltzmann and population inversion 27 Interactive checkpoint: a Nd:YAG laser 28 Gotchas 29 Summary

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